A dog that I adored & fed passed away yesterday

Indian badminton doubles champion Ashwini Ponappa & I adored the same dog breed. Unfortunately the one that I’m holding passed away yesterday.

Ashwini Ponappa's photo resource is from her Facebook page. Just using it to share that these breed of dogs are very nice to humans. She was extremely nice to me & never ever barked or behaved blatantly to me.

My photo was taken by my friend Vishal Tejwani who too adored her a lot & used to feed her.

Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge’s Birth chart analysis

I’ve analysed Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana’s personality profile & certain events that can happen in her life using her birth details.

Her birth chart was casted using an Astrology software known as Jagannatha Hora.

Birth Date: -2 May 2015

Birth Time: - 8:37 am.

Birth Place: - St. Mary’s Hospital, Westminster, United Kingdom

Birthday: - Saturday

Ascendant: - Gemini

Moon Sign (Rashee): - Virgo

Sign Lord: - Mercury

Birth Nakshatra: - Chitra 2

Nakshatra Lord: - Mars

Tithi: - Shukla Chaturdesi

Personality profile as per Nakshatra: -

Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana of Cambridge was born in the Chitra Nakshatra (Virginis or Spica) Spread from 23:20’ Kanya to 6:40’ Tula Rashi.  The symbol of this Nakshatra is gem on the serpent’s crest. The word Chitra in Hindi language means picture or something that is very beautiful to look at. Women born under this Nakshatra generally look beautiful. Fair people generally look reddish as it’s the Nakshatra of Mars & Mars is a red planet. People born in this Nakshatra may not be good at painting but have an ability to express through their paintings or express their feelings or thoughts through art. People generally born in this Nakshatra do well at professions connected to art, carving, construction, design, embroidery, engraving, engineering, frame making, things that are connected to art, also music, surgery, writing, etc.

People who generally take birth in Chitra Nakshatra are intelligent. As it’s the Nakshatra of Mars & Mars is connected to swiftness, valour, etc. thus they are very headstrong & don’t hesitate to go to any extreme for their own benefits or desires. They generally aren’t bothered about the sentiments of others when it comes to taking decisions favourable to them. At times they can also be extremely impetuous or obstinate for what they want to have or follow in life.

As it’s the Nakshatra of Mars people are hot headed or  impetuous thus they don’t hesitate to back answer or reply anything that comes in their mind without putting much thought to their statements. Due to this temperament others may find them rude & such people make more enemies than friends.

People born in this Nakshatra are also extremely sensitive to down trodden or poor people & wouldn’t hesitate to help them with truest kindness. Thus such people won’t mind utilising their time, resources & energy for uplifting the needy without any selfish motive. However once it becomes monotonous for them to help the economically poor they may stop it or decrease their help.

As it’s the Nakshatra of Mars people born in this Nakshatra are generally courageous & have the temperament to fight against any hurdle or obstacle that comes in their path of success. One of the redeeming features of people born in this Nakshatra is that they somehow get help unexpectedly & most of the time when needed without putting much efforts.

Personality profile as per birth ascendant Gemini: -

She may possess slightly long nose. Gemini is an airy sign thus people born under Gemini Ascendant are generally carefree. As air constantly keeps moving, they are fond of changes & travelling. They are also versatile & dislike monotonous jobs. Gemini is also a dual sign thus they generally get multiple thoughts or are in a dilemma. However as her Ascendant Lord Mercury is in a fixed sign & Mars aspects 5^th house her dilemmas won’t last long & she will take decisions instantly. However due to dilemmas & headstrong nature due to born in Chitra Nakshatra she is destined to make many mistakes or take wrong decisions in life. As the Lord of Gemini is Mercury & Mercury is positioned with its friend Venus in the sign of Venus & gets aspect from its friend Saturn she will be highly intellectual. Perhaps she can also have excellent grasping powers with good analytical assessment ability. She may even possess good global awareness.

Personality profile with respect to planetary positions part 1: -

There is no planet in her birth Ascendant. In her birth chart’s 2^nd house Jupiter is positioned in Cancer Sign. Cancer is Jupiter’s exaltation sign. Jupiter is connected to law & as it’s exalted she may have good knowledge about law. Jupiter is the karka of 2^nd house & also the karka of wealth. As it’s the karka though she has taken birth in a wealthy family she may not be content with what she has & will desire to have more. An exalted Jupiter also aspects 10^th house due to its 9^th house effect & its own sign Pisces. 10^th house is connected to fame. Thus she will have fame or remain in limelight. Jupiter is connected to teachers or professors. This will help her get good teachers or professors. Her tutors will be nice to her. Jupiter will also favour her to acquire knowledge & interest in religious activities. 2^nd house is connected to food too so she will be blessed to enjoy the best types of foods.

Moon & Rahu are positioned in her birth chart’s 4^th house in Virgo Sign. 4^th house is connected to land, house, vehicles, conveyances, mother, etc. Presence of Moon in this position will bless her with a good house, land, conveyances, vehicles, etc. Moon will help her gain from her mother. It will also help her remain attached to some king or minister. Thus she will gain from her parents. Moon is the karka of 4^th house & position of Moon here will not make her content with mother’s love & conveyances. She may desire for more. Moon is connected to mind too & Virgo is feminine sign, this will bestow feminine way of living.

Rahu in this sign of Mercury. Mercury is connected to languages. There is a possibility of her knowing more than 1 language.

Saturn positioned in 6^th house in the sign of Mars i.e. Scorpio. 6^th house is connected to enemies, diseases, etc. Saturn’s position here can cause danger from thieves, enemies. Saturn is a slow moving planet thus there is a possibility of some disease or disorder that can take longer than normal to heal. However Jupiter is positioned in 2^nd house & from 2^nd house Jupiter aspects 6^th house. An exalted Jupiter’s aspect to 6^th house & its friendly sign Scorpio can bless her with good luck & during favourable times any disease may heal quickly. Also Jupiter can bless her with good luck & keep her away from her enemies. Saturn from 6^th house aspects its own sign Capricorn in 8^th house due to its 3^rd house effect. 8^th house is connected to ancestral property, longevity, etc. Thus she has got blessed with ancestral property & long life.

Ketu is positioned in 10^th house in Pisces sign. 10^th house is connected to karma. Ketu is a planet connected to spiritual science. She may spend some part of her life doing spiritual work. Ketu will bless her with wealth & comforts. Ketu can also make her fond of travelling.

Sun & Mars are positioned in 11^th house in Aries sign. Sun here is exalted. Mars & Sun are good friends or belong to the same party. Mars’s degree is 28.59 & Sun’s degree is 17.32. The difference between their degrees is 11.27 degrees. As its lesser than 17 degrees Mars is getting combust thus Mars won’t be able to function at its full potential however aspect of Mars on Sun will make Sun more strong here. An exalted Sun will bless her with efforts of a high order, good vitality, excellent managerial skills, recognition through creativity as it aspects 5^th house. Sun is the karka of father & an exalted Sun here indicates that after her birth her father will do better than currently whatever he is doing in his life. Sun is also connected to royal thus an exalted Sun blessed her to take birth in a royal family. An exalted Sun will give her fame, respect wealth, too. Sun is connected to health thus she will be blessed with good health & metabolism. Sun is the Lord of 3^rd house & Mars is the karka of 3^rd house. Mars is connected to courage & 3^rd house is also connected to courage, siblings, etc. Sun is connected to soul. Aspect of Mars on Sun will make her tremendously brave or courageous. She will also have cordial relationship with her brother. Her brother will also be very prosperous. 3^rd house is connected to communication & 6^th house is connected to enemies. As their Lords Sun & Mars respectively are conjunct there’s a possibility of her acquaintances or friends turning foes due to her style of communication.

Mars aspects 2^nd house due to its 4^th house effect i.e. the house of wealth. Mars & Jupiter are friends. This will bestow her with wealth. Mars will make her fond of journeys. Mars from 11^th house aspects 5^th house. 5^th house is connected to creativity. Aspect of Mars on 5^th house can make her a good surgeon, or a good soldier or maybe an officer. Mars is also connected to protection, brothers, friends, etc. As it aspects the house of creativity she will be very protective for her loved ones. Aspect of Mars on 5^th house can also make her impulsive. She may take certain decisions without putting much thought to it & it can back fire.

Position of Mercury & Venus in 12^th house in Taurus sign is a good sign. In her birth chart Venus is the Atma Karka as it’s the planet with the highest degree. Venus will bless her with fine food, luxuries, comforts, interest in media, arts, sculptures, etc. Venus is the supportive karka or 12^th house & Venus is connected to pleasure. 12^th house is connected to bed pleasures. Thus Venus will bless her with bed pleasures. Venus is in its own sign Taurus. Thus Venus will bless her with kingly luck & due to which she has taken birth in a royal family. Venus aspects Lord of Ascendant Mercury. Venus is connected to affection, love, romance, sex, etc. & as it’s the Atma Karka this will make her be an affectionate, romantic person. She will be a passionate lover to her partner too. As the 12^th house indicates pleasures of bed & its Lord Venus aspects the Lord of Ascendant she will be an expert in the art of love making & Mercury & Venus conjunct & Rahu’s aspect to these 2 planets & Rahu’s connection to amplification or expansion or integration can make her be in a relationship with many people. Mercury in this house can bless her with knowledge of many languages. Lord of Ascendant Mercury gets aspect of Venus. Venus is the Lord of 5^th house & 5^th house is also connected to speculations, gambling, etc. Venus is also connected to gambling. There is a possibility of her being fond of gambling or betting. On a negative note this planetary position will make her suffer some losses at speculation as 12^th house is also the house of losses. 4^th & 5^th houses are connected to education & both are conjunct in 12^th house. 12^th house is connected to foreign land thus there is a strong possibility of her studying abroad.

Personality profile with respect to planetary positions part 2: -

Ascendant Lord Mercury positioned in 12^th house: - This positioning of planet has both positive & negative effects. It can make her charitable & generous. She will have to be careful about money matters as she is destined to be spendthrift. She may believe in the principle right means for the right ends. She may derive more pleasure serving than being served & from giving than receiving.

Lord of 2^nd house Moon positioned in 4^th house: - She will be blessed with conveyances. She will also be blessed with a pious mother. Moon gets aspect of Rahu & Rahu is a malefic planet thus she will have to create a protective shield around her mother or mind as some people may try to assassinate her mother’s character or may trouble her mind. She will be blessed with land & automobiles. She will get unconditional help from her maternal relatives & her mother whenever required.

Lord of 3^rd house Sun positioned in 11^th house: - 3^rd house is connected to communication, courage. Sun & Mars are fiery planets & both are positioned together in a fiery sign Aries. Mars is the karka of 3^rd house & Mars is with Sun positioned in 11^th house. Due to this she can have a harsh speech & may not even hesitate to use wrong words against her own family members when angry. As her birth Nakshatra is Chitra & Chitra is a demon Nakshatra & such planetary position can make her hurtful, nasty or unkind to their own family members. Due to arguments or conflicts with family members she can remain detached from them for some time. Also in her birth chart Lord of Ascendant & Lord of 4^th house is in 12^th house. 12^th house is connected to foreign soil. Thus she may try to stay away from her family members to get solace or peace & this can cause self-detachment & due to self-detachment she may attain self actualisation. This position however will make her have a cordial relationship with her brother.

Lord of 4^th house Mercury positioned in 12^th house: - Ascendant is connected to self & 4^th house is connected to homeland. 12^th house is connected to foreign land. Thus strong possibility of her to find more happiness & success away from her birth land. Lord of Ascendant Mercury gets aspect of Saturn positioned in 6^th house. 6^th house is also connected to service. Saturn is connected to spirituality as Saturn is connected to grief & when people grief they try to get solace in spiritual activities. Thus at some point of her life there is a possibility of her developing strong spiritual tendencies as the 4^th & 12^th house regulate the spiritual spheres of life & Lord of 4^th house is conjunct with Lord of 12^th house Venus.

Lord of 5^th house Venus positioned in 12^th house: - Here Venus is 8^th from its sign Libra. 8th is connected to death. 12^th house is connected to hospitalisation. Thus there is a strong possibility of her deriving unhappiness from her child or children. There is also a possibility of her unborn getting terminated if circumstance is worst as 2 natural malefic planets Rahu & Saturn aspect the Lord of 5^th house Venus. Rahu due to its 9^th house effect being positioned in 4^th house Rahu aspects 12^th house & Saturn as it’s positioned in 6^th house & from 6^th house it aspects 12^th house. 12^th house is to some extent connected to spirituality. Lord of 12^th house Venus is in 12^th house & aspects Lord of Ascendant Mercury. Saturn is also connected to spirituality. 5^th house is connected to creativity. There is a possibility of her trying to take spiritual path or thinking about her karmas or leaning towards understanding the reality of life or the truths of life in the latter part of her life after 36 years of age as Saturn gets activated after 36 years of age or during the dasha of Saturn. She may wander to spiritual places too as Lord of Ascendant & 4^th house is in 12^th house & gets aspect from 12^th house Lord Venus. Rahu connected to separation also is positioned in 4^th house connected to home land & from 4^th house it aspects Ascendant Lord, thus strong possibility of her moving away from her home land.

Lord of 6^th house Mars positioned in 11^th house: - This planetary position will help her gain from enemies. Sun & Mars both are planets associated to army. Thus she will defeat her enemies & gain through them. However during bad times animosity can arise between friends as 11^th house is connected to friends & 6^th house is connected to enemies, thus friends can become foes.

Lord of 7^th house Jupiter positioned in 2^nd house: - Whatever she will be earning, there is a strong possibility of her income rising after marriage, however Lord of 7^th house in the 2^nd house is 8^th from its sign isn’t a good sign. 7^th house is connected to marriage, partner, etc. In a woman’s birth chart Jupiter is connected to husband. An exalted Jupiter will associate her with a person belonging to high stature. Venus is connected to happiness from relationship & as Venus is in its own sign Taurus she can get happiness from her relationship.

Lord of 8^th house Saturn positioned in 6^th house: - Lord of 8^th house Saturn positioned in 6^th house is Vipreeta Raj Yoga. As the malefic effects get nullified as Lord of a malefic house is in a malefic house. It will bless her with affluence & opulence & fulfilment of her desires. Her enemies won’t be able to win against her in court cases, etc. However due to it she can become extremely domineering & proud.

Lord of 9^th house Saturn positioned in 6^th house: - 9^th house is connected to father & 6^th house is connected to health, litigations, enemies, etc. Sun is the karka of father. Though Sun is exalted & positioned in 11^th house however Saturn is a natural malefic planet & positioned in the sign of Mars. Saturn isn’t that happy when positioned in the sign of Mars i.e. Scorpio. Thus there is a possibility of her father suffering certain health problems that may take long to heal as Saturn is a slow moving planet. Her father can suffer some chronic complications. Thus it will be wise for him to exercise regularly & live a healthy lifestyle.  6^th house is connected to litigations too thus there is a possibility of many disagreements between her & her father. However this can get nullified as in her birth chart Lord of Ascendant (self) Mercury & Lord of 9^th house (father) Saturn aspect each other. Mercury & Saturn are friends so eventually she may agree to her father & disagreements may not last long. The good note is that as Lord of 9^th house Saturn is 10^th from its sign & 10^th is connected to fame, her father will be a famous personality & can get more success after her birth.

Lord of 10^th house Jupiter positioned in 2^nd house: - 10^th house is connected to profession & 2^nd house is connected to wealth. Thus this is an excellent placement for wealth & finances as the 2^nd house indicates the accusation of money. This position of Jupiter will help her get into a profession that will help her make wealth. Jupiter is connected to luck & an exalted Jupiter will bless her with a profession of her choice, something that she will be fond of doing & will also attain fame due to her work. 2^nd house is connected to family so there is a possibility of her continuing something that connected to her family’s profession or connected to her family’s profession spheres. As Jupiter is exalted she will inherit a profound patrimony. Jupiter is also connected to money thus she can shine at professions connected to banking, trading, etc.

Lord of 11^th house Mars positioned in 11^th house: - This position is outstanding for profits throughout life however Mars here is combust so profits all the time shouldn’t be expected. 11^th house is connected to gains thus it will bestow her with gains. 11^th house is also connected to friends & Mars is also connected to friends & brother thus she will gain from her brother & friends & will also get help when needed from friends. 11^th house is called Labh sthana or house of gains. Lord of Labh sthana in Labh sthana is a good indicator for possession of wealth. There is a strong possibility of her to have more wealth than her wants. Sun is connected to status & Mars is connected to brothers thus there is a possibility of her brother attaining a high status in life.

Lord of 12^th house Venus positioned in12th house: - Venus is connected to pleasures. Thus she will spend lavishly for her pleasures. On a good note she can be a charitable individual as a spiritual planet Saturn aspects Lord of 12^th house Venus & also aspects 12^th house from 6^th house. 6^th house is also connected to service thus there is a possibility of her making a charitable trust or welfare trust for the welfare of the needy.

Some peculiar physical characteristics: - She will have beautiful eyes as 2^nd & 12^th house are connected to eyes & in 2^nd house an exalted Jupiter is positioned & in 12^th house Venus connected to beauty is positioned in its own sign Taurus.

In her birth chart except Sun & Mars all planets are in positioned in female signs thus she will have much of a feminine nature & body.

Readings as per aspect or conjunct astrology: -

A strong possibility of travelling frequently or someone that loves visiting new or known places frequently as Lord of 9^th house Saturn & 12^th house Venus both connected to travelling aspect Lord of Ascendant Mercury.

Lord of 9^th house Saturn aspects Lord of 5^th house Venus. This is a good aspect as 9^th house & 5^th house are considered auspicious houses & Saturn & Venus are friends or belong to the same party. 5^th house is connected to creativity & 9^th house is connected to spirituality. Thus there is a possibility of her doing some spiritual work.

Some good Yogas in her birth chart: -

Vesi Yoga: - Ascendant Lord & Venus in the next house from Sun’s position. This Yoga will bless her with balance & she will be truthful.

Subha Yoga: - Natural benefic planets positioned on either side of Ascendant. Jupiter in 2^nd house & Venus in 12^th house. This Yoga will bless her with good looks. She will be surrounded by people who wish good for her.

Vimla Yoga: - Lord of 12^th house Venus is in 12^th house. As per this Yoga she will be a noble person.

Raja/Lakshmi Yoga: - Ascendant Lord Mercury & Lord of 9^th house Saturn aspect each other & Mercury & Saturn are friends. 9^th house is connected to spirituality, luck, etc. Thus she can be a spiritual & lucky person.

Vipreeta Raj Yoga: - Lord of 8^th house Saturn is in 6^th house. Thus a malefic planet that is the lord of an inauspicious house is positioned in an inauspicious house thus its malefic effects gets nullified & she will get success due to someone else’s loss.

Vipreeta Raj Yoga: - Lord of 8^th house Saturn & Lord of 12^th house Venus aspect each other. This will also bless her with success due to someone’s loss.

Some negative points about her birth chart are

Health as a natural malefic Saturn is positioned in 6^th house & Lord of 6^th house Mars is positioned in 11^th house i.e. 6^th from its sign. Lord being 6^th from its sign isn’t considered good for the house thus she may suffer health problems.

Kemadruma Yoga: - No planet is positioned on either side of Moon & Moon is with a natural malefic Rahu. Moon is connected to mind & aspect of a malefic planet on Moon can cause loss of respect, problems from/to mother, disturbed sleep, stress, tension, worry, chest congestion, gynaecological problems, etc.

Classification of drugs

1. Anaesthetics: - An anaesthetic is a drug that causes loss of sensation. Anaesthetics are classified into 3 General Anaesthetics, Local Anaesthetics & Preoperative Anaesthetics.

1.1. General Anaesthetics: - These are drugs that aid loss of consciousness that is reversible. Examples: Diazepam, Halothane, Ketamine, Nitrous oxide, Thiopental.

1.2. Local Anaesthetics: - These are drugs that aid loss of consciousness that is reversible. Examples: Bupivacaine, Lidocaine.

1.3. Preoperative Anaesthetics: - These are drugs that are administered to make a patient unconsciousness prior to operations. Examples: Atropine, Chloral Hydrate, Diazepam, Morphine, Promethazine.

2. Analgesics, Antipyretics, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs & drugs used to treat gout: - These are drugs that reduce pain, inflammation & swelling. These are classified into 2 Non-opioids & Opioid analgesics.

2.1 Non-Opioids: - These are drugs that have an anti-inflammatory effect acting peripherally. Examples: Acetylsalicylic acid, Allopurinol, Colchicines, Ibuprofen, Indometacin, Paracetamol.

2.2. Opioid analgesics: - These are drugs that act on CNS; they can be addictive, can cause sedation & have an anti-inflammatory effect. As these are habit forming, they come in the category of controlled drugs. Examples: Codeine, Morphine, Pethidine.

3. Antiallergics & drugs used in anaphylaxis: - These are drugs that prevent & relieve allergies. Examples: Chlorphenamine, Dexamethasone, Epinephrine, Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone.

4. Antidotes & anti-poisonings: - These are drugs that counteract the effects of poison. Examples: Ipecacuanha, Medicinal Charcoal, Atropine, Deferoxamine, Dimercaprol, Methionine, Methylthioninium chloride, Naloxone, Penicillamine, Potassium ferric, sodium calcium edentate, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate.

5. Antiepileptics: - These are drugs that try & prevent rapid, repetitive, stimulation of the brain that causes seizure activity such as in epilepsy. Carbamazepine, Diazepam, Ethosuximide, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, valproic acid.

6. Anti-infective drugs: - These drugs are used in the treatment of infection. These are classified as Anthelminthics, Antifilarials, Antischistosomals, Antibacterials, Antileprosy, Antituberculosis, Antifungal, Antiprotozoal, Antileishmaniasis, Antimalarial, Antitrypanosomal, Insect repellent.

6.1 Anthelminthics: - These are drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) & other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them. Examples: Levamisole, Mebendazole, Niclosamide, Piperazine, Praziquantel, Pyrantel, Tiabendazole, Albendazole.

6.1.2. Antifilarials: - These are drugs used to destroy filaria (a worm). Esamples: Diethylcarbamazine, Ivermectin, Suramin Sodium.

6.1.3. Antischistosomals: - These are drugs that destroy or inhibit the development & reproduction of schistosomes.  Examples: Metrifonate, Oxamniquine, Praziquantel.

6.2. Antibacterials: - These are drugs that are used to destroy bacteria. Examples: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Benzathine Benzylpenicillin, Benzylpenicillin, Cloxacillin, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Piperacillin, Procaine benzylpenicillin, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Gentamicin, Metronidazole, Spectinomycin, Sulfadimidine, Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Doxycycline, Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim.

6.2.3. Antileprosy: - These are drugs used for the treatment of leprosy. Examples: Clofazimine, Dapsone, Rifampicin.

6.2.4. Antituberculosis: - These are drugs used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Examples: Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Rifampicin + Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Hioacetazone + Isoniazid.

6.3. Antifungal: - These are drugs that destroy fungi. Examples: Amphotericin, Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole, Nystatin, Flucytosine.

6.4. Antiprotozoal: - These are drugs that destroy protozoa.

6.4.1. Antiamoebic & antigiardiasis: - Examples: Diloxanide, Metronidazole, Chloroquine.

6.4.2. Antileishmaniasis: - Examples: Meglumine Antimoniate, Pentamidine.

6.4.3. Antimalarial: - These are drugs used for the treatment of malaria.

For curative: - Examples: Chloroquine, Primaquine, Quinine, Mefloquine, Sulfadoxine + Pyrimethamine, Tetracycline.

For prophylaxis: - Examples: Chloroquine, proguanil, mefloquine.

6.4.4. Antitrypanosomal: - There are 2 types of Antitrypanosomal drugs African & American.

a. African trypanosomiasis: - Melarsoprol, Pentamidine, Suramin Sodium, Eflornithine.

b. American trypanosomiasis: - Benznidazole, Nifurtimox.

6.5. Insect repellent: - These are topical solutions that repel insects when applied on body. Examples: Diethyltoluamide.

7. Antimigraine: - These are drugs used in the treatment of migraine (a type of headache)

For treatment of acute attack: - Examples: Acetylsalicylic acid, Ergotamine, Paracetamol.

For prophylaxis: - Examples: Propranolol.

8. Antineoplastic & immunosuppressant drugs & drugs used in palliative care: - Antineoplastic are drugs that inhibit or prevent the growth & spread of neoplasms or malignant cells. These are classified into 2 Immunosuppressants & Cytotoxic drugs.

8.1. Immunosuppressant: - These are drugs that suppress immunity. Examples: Azathioprine, Ciclosporin.

8.2. Cytotoxic: - These are drugs that have toxic effects on certain cells. Examples: Bleomycin, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Cytarabine, Dacarbazine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin, Etoposide, Fluorouracil, Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Procarbazine, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Calcium Folinate.

8.3. Hormones & antihormones: - Hormones are preparations that acts like a hormone. Antihormones are preparations that blocks the action or inhibits the production of a hormone. Examples: Dexamethasone, Ethinylestradiol, Prednisolone, Tamoxifen.

9. Antiparkinson: - These are drugs that tend to relieve Parkinson disease. Parkinson is a chronic progressive neurological disease chiefly of later life that is linked to decreased dopamine production in the substantia nigra & is marked especially by tremor of resting muscles, rigidity, slowness of movement, impaired balance, & a shuffling gait—called also paralysis agitans, parkinsonian syndrome, parkinsonism, Parkinson's, Parkinson's syndrome. Examples: Biperiden, Levodopa + Carbidopa.

10.1. Antianaemic: - These are drugs effective in or relating to the prevention or correction of anemia. Examples: Ferrous salt, Ferrous salt + Folic acid, Folic acid, Hydroxocobalamin, Iron Dextran.

10.2. Drugs affecting coagulation: - These are drug/drugs that hinders coagulation & especially coagulation of the blood in short known as blood thinners. Examples: Desmopressin, Heparin, Phytomenadione, Protamine Sulfate, Warfarin.

11. Plasma substitutes: - These are artificially made substance designed to have 1 or more of the vast amount of functions of the contents of the blood. Examples: Dextran, Polygeline, Albumin.

12. Cardiovascular: - These are drugs relating to the structure & function of the heart & blood vessels. These are classified into Antianginal, Antidysrhythmic, Antihypertensive, Cardiac Glycosides, Drugs used in vascular shock, Antithrombotic.

12.1. Antianginal: - These are drugs used or tending to prevent or relieve angina pectoris. Examples: Glyceryl Trinitrate, Isosorbide Dinitrate, Nifedipine, Propranolol, Atenolol.

12.2. Antidysrhythmic: - These drugs prevent or alleviate irregularities in the force or rhythm of the heart. Examples: Lidocaine, Propranolol, Verapamil, Atenolol, Procainamide, Quinidine.

12.3. Antihypertensive: - These drugs reduce blood pressure. Examples: Hydralazine, Hydrochlorothiazide, Nifedipine, Propranolol, Atenolol, Captopril, Methyldopa, Reserpine, Sodium Nitroprusside.

12.4. Cardiac Glycosides: - These are several glycosides obtained chiefly from plant sources such as the foxglove, used medicinally to increase the force of contraction of heart muscle & to regulate heartbeats. Examples: Digoxin, Digitoxin.

12.5. Drugs used in vascular shock: - The vascular system is the body's network of blood vessels. It includes the arteries, capillaries & veins that carry blood to and from the heart. These drugs are used during inadequate tissue perfusion. Examples: Dobutamine, Dopamine.

12.6. Antithrombotic: - These drugs prevent the formation of blood clot. Examples: Acetylsalicylic acid, Streptokinase.

13. Dermatological: - These are drugs used to treat dermatological disorders. These are classified as Antifungal, Anti-infective, Anti-Inflammatory & antipruritic, Astringent, Keratoplastic and keratolytic agents, Scabicides & pediculicides & Ultraviolet-blocking agents.

13.1. Antifungal: - These drugs destroy or inhibit the growth of fungi. Examples: Benzoic acid + Salicylic acid, Miconazole, Nystatin, Sodium Thiosulfate, Selenium Sulfide.

13.2. Anti-infective: - These drugs counteract infection. Examples: Methylrosanilinium chloride, Mupirocin, Neomycin + Bacitracin, Silver Sulfadiazine.

13.3. Anti-inflammatory & antipruritic: - These are agents that reduce inflammation & relieve itching. Examples: TheBetamethasone, Calamine lotion, Hydrocortisone.

13.4. Astringent: - These are solutions that have the property of causing contraction of soft organic tissues. Examples: Aluminium diacetate.

13.5. Keratoplastic and keratolytic agents: - Keratoplastic agents promote the production of keratin. Keratolytic agents are agents that break down the outer layer of skin (keratins). Examples: Benzoyl Peroxide, Coal Tar, Dithranol, Fluorouracil, Podophyllum Resin, Salicylic Acid.

13.6. Scabicides & pediculicides: - Scabicides are drugs that destroy the itch mite causing scabies. Pediculicides are agents used to destroy lies. Examples: Benzyl Benzoate, Permethrin.

13.7. Ultraviolet-blocking agents: - These are creams that are applied to skin to protect from Sunrays. Examples: P-Aminobenzoic acid, Benzophenones, Zinc oxide.

14. Diagnostic agents: - These are agents that help in diagnosing diseases & disorders. These are classified into Ophthalmic & Radiocontrast media.

14.1. Ophthalmic: - Examples: Fluorescein, Tropicamide.

14.2. Radiocontrast media: - Examples: Amidotrizoate, Barium sulphate, Iopanoic acid, Propyliodone, Meglumine Iotroxate.

15. Antiseptics: - An antiseptic is a substance which inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms. Examples: Chlorhexidine, Hydrogen peroxide, Iodine.

16. Disinfectants: - These are agents that disinfect. Examples: Calcium Hypochlorite, Glutaral.

17. Diuretics: - These are drugs that help in eliminating water from body. Examples: Amiloride, Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Mannitol, Spironolactone.

18. Gastrointestinal: - These are drugs that treat intestinal problems. They are classified into Antacids & other antiulcer, Antiemetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antispasmodic & Cathartic drugs.

18.1. Antacids & other antiulcer: - These are agents that counteract acidity. Antiulcer are agents that heal ulcer. Examples: Aluminium Hydroxide, Cimetidine, Magnesium hydroxide.

18.2. Antiemetic: - These are drugs that alleviate nausea & prevent vomit. Examples: Metoclopramide, Promethazine.

18.3. Anti-inflammatory: - These are agents that reduce inflammation. Examples: Hydrocortisone, Sulfasalazine.

18.4. Antispasmodic: -These are agents that prevent spasm. Examples: Atropine.

18.5. Cathartic: - These are agents that assist in emptying bowels. Examples: Senna, Psyllium husks, sorbitol, magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate, or sodium sulphate.

19. Hormones, other endocrine drugs & contraceptives: -

19.1. Adrenal hormones & synthetic substitutes: - Examples: Dexamethasone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Fludrocortisone.

19.2. Androgens: - Its male sex hormone produced by the adrenal glands & testes, the male sex glands. Example: Testosterone.

19.3. Contraceptives: -These are agents that prevent conception or impregnation. They are classified into Hormonal contraceptives, Intrauterine devices, Barrier methods.

19.3.1. Hormonal contraceptives: - Examples: Ethinylestradiol + Levonorgestrel, Ethinylestradiol + Norethisterone, Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Norethisterone, Norethisterone Enantate.

19.3.2. Intrauterine devices: - Examples: Copper-Containing device.

19.3.3. Barrier methods: - Examples: Condoms with or without spermicide (nonoxinol), diaphragms with spermicide (nonoxinol).

19.4. Estrogens: - It’s female sex hormone. Example: Ethinylestradiol.

19.5. Insulins & other antidiabetic agents: - Insulin reduces the release of glucose from the liver. Examples: Insulin injection (soluble), Intermediate-acting insulin, tolbutamide.

19.6. Ovulation inducers: - Example: Clomifene.

19.7. Progestogens: - Example: Norethisterone.

19.8. Thyroid hormones & antithyroid drugs: - These are hormones that help in the proper functioning of thyroid gland. Examples: Levothyroxine, Potassium iodide, Propylthiouracil.

20. Immunologicals: - These are agents that deal with the immune system, immunity & immune response.

20.1. Immunological Diagnostic agents: - These are agents that diagnose immunity. Examples: Tuberculin, Purified protein derivative (PPD).

20.2. Sera & immunoglobulins: - These are a group of large glycoproteins secreted by plasma cells in vertebrates that function as antibodies in the immune response by binding the specific antigens. Examples: Anti-D Immunoglobulin, Antiscorpion sera, Antitetanus immunoglobulin, Antivenom sera, Diphtheria antitoxin, Immunoglobulin, human normal, Rabies immunoglobulin.

20.3. Vaccines: - These are antigenic components used for the prevention of diseases. Examples: BCG vaccine, Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus vaccine, Diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, Measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Measles vaccine,  Poliomyelitis vaccine, Poliomyelitis vaccine, Tetanus vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine, Influenza vaccine, Meningococcal vaccine, Rabies vaccine, Rubella vaccine, Typhoid vaccine, Yellow fever vaccine.

21. Muscle relaxants (peripherally acting) & cholinesterase inhibitors: - These are drugs that relax muscles. Examples: Chlorzoxazone, Gallamine, Neostigmine, Suxamethonium, Pyridostigmine, Vecuronium bromide.

22. Ophthalmological preparations: - These are preparations for eye. They are classified into Anti-infective agents, Anti-inflammatory agents, Local anaesthetics, Miotics & antiglaucoma drugs & Mydriatics.

22.1. Anti-infective agents: - These are agents that prevent infection in eye. Examples:  Gentamicin, Idoxuridine, Silver nitrate, Tetracycline.

22.2. Anti-inflammatory agents: - These are agents that prevent inflammation. Example: Prednisolone.

22.3. Local anaesthetics: - These are agents that cause loss of sensation to eye temporarily. Example: Tetracaine.

22.4. Miotics & antiglaucoma drugs: - Miotics are drugs that constrict the pupil & are used to treat glaucoma. Examples: Acetazolamide, Pilocarpine, Timolol.

22.5. Mydriatics: - These are drugs that dilate eye pupil. Example: Atropine

23. Oxytocics: - These are agents that promote rapid labour by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. Example: Ergometrine

24. Antioxytocics: - Example: Salbutamol

25. Psychotherapeutic drugs: - These are drugs that are prescribed for their effects in relieving symptoms of anxiety, depression, or other mental disorders. Example: Amitriptyline, Chlorpromazine, Diazepam, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Lithium carbonate.

26. Drugs acting on the respiratory tract: - These are classified into Antiasthmatic & Antitussives.

26.1. Antiasthmatic: - These are drugs that relieve asthma. Examples: Aminophylline, Beclometasone, Epinephrine, Salbutamol, Cromoglicic acid, Ephedrine.

26.2. Antitussives: - These are drugs that suppress cough. Example: Codeine.

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte & acid-base disturbances: - ORS, Potassium Chloride, Glucose, Glucose with Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate, Compound solution of Sodium Lactate.

Vitamins & minerals: - Ergocalciferol, Iodine, Nicotinamide, Pyridoxine, Retinol, Riboflavin, Sodium Fluoride, Thiamine, Ascorbic acid, Calcium Gluconate.

N.B. The number of drugs for the above mentioned examples can be more.

References:

1. I. Darmansjah, M. M. Duran, A. W. EI-Borolossy, A. Kucers, V. K. Lepakhin, Li Jia-Tai, M. M. Reidenberg, L. A. Salako. "THE USE OF ESSENTIAL DRUGS, Model List of Essential Drugs, WHO Technical Report Series." WHO. November 22, 1991. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/39646/1/WHO_TRS_825.pdf (accessed December 31, 2014).

2. Consolidated list of products whose consumption and/or sale have been banned, withdrawn, severely restricted or not approved by governments, 4th ed. New York, United Nations, 1990.

3. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-first report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1990 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 790), Annex 5.

4. Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Proposed International guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva, 1982 (also contains the Declaration of Helsinki as revised by the 29th World Medical Assembly, Tokyo, 1975).